Afghans Lost to Hazards Of Childbirth PART ONE OF TWO:

Afghans Lost to Hazards Of Childbirth PART ONE OF TWO:

Afghans Lost to Hazards Of Childbirth
PART ONE OF TWO:
THESIS STATEMENT AND PARAGRAPH
 
Write a thesis statement where you take a position on the issue stated in the article.
 hue
apropos
aberrations
opprobrious
admonitions
contrivance
astern
furrowed
bereft
supplicant
pathosimpropriety
expatriated
cavalcade
expletives
prescience
remonstrances
bellicose
maudlin
pariah
equanimity
felonious
vociferation
sententiouslyabandonment
tumultuously
exalted
elixir
unwittinglyassiduously
commodious
furtively
imperturbably
infinitesimal
pettishness
sedulous 
desolate
tenacious
debtor
innumerable
bounteousetiquette
knell
poignant
oscillation
ludicrous
martinet
diminuendo 
appease
appendage
conflagration
flotsam 
conjectural
peremptorily
poignant
smite
undulation
willy-nilly
Select five words from the following list to use in a paragraph you will write in which you supply your reasons for your position on the issue.
 
Many Afghans Lost to Hazards Of Childbirth
 
 
By Pamela Constable
Washington Post Foreign Service
Tuesday, June 6, 2006
 
SHEIKHABAD, Afghanistan — According to Afghan tradition, children are the fruit of heaven. The more each couple produces, the greater the blessing; hence the country has one of the world’s highest birthrates. If an infant dies, village tradition says, another will come along soon. If a mother dies giving birth, it is the will of God.
But according to international studies, Afghanistan is also one of the most dangerous places in the world to be born or to deliver a child. In a recent report, the U.S. charity Save the Children found that Afghanistan has the world’s second-highest rate of newborn deaths, 60 per 1,000 births, just below Liberia. It also found that one in six Afghan mothers — 20,000 a year — die during or after childbirth.
Safia, an illiterate villager of about 30, has survived several pregnancies, but just barely. Last month, she arrived at physician RoshanakWardak’s clinic in this town 50 miles west of the capital carrying a 3-week-old baby.
The child was thin and weak, because Safia could neither produce milk nor afford to buy formula.
Her previous child, a boy, had nearly died at birth. Safia was in labor for two days and nights, she said, with no way to travel from her village. By the time she finally reached a hospital two hours away, she had to have an emergency Caesarean section, and both she and the baby were hospitalized for a week.
“My husband was away working. I couldn’t reach him, and no one else would help me,” she said. “I was having terrible pains, but the baby would not come. Later the doctors told me it was because I worked so hard during my pregnancy, lifting water buckets and other heavy things. They told me not to have any more children for three years, but now I have this new one.”
Although Afghanistan has had a stable, Western-backed government since late 2001 and foreign donors have since spent tens of millions of dollars to improve health care, conditions still conspire to sabotage the chances of healthy and normal births.
“It’s really as bad as it can get and still sustain a population,” said Linda Bartlett, a physician and maternal and child health officer for UNICEF in Kabul, the capital.
Many parts of Afghanistan are harsh and remote, with bad roads, few clinics and little ability to attract skilled health workers. Village girls are often married by 15 and urged to produce a child each year. About 85 percent of Afghan infants are born at home, without even a trained midwife in attendance.
If complications arise, families may not recognize the danger signals and end up wasting precious time deciding what to do. The mother, in protracted labor or losing blood, may have to be carried or put on a donkey for several hours to reach a road leading to a hospital. By then, it may be too late to save her or the child.
“The worst problem is lack of skilled staff. In some provinces, there are no female health workers at all,” said Nadra Hayat, director of maternal and infant health at the Public Health Ministry in Kabul. Delivering babies is traditionally done in Afghanistan by women, and many families do not want male doctors to treat their wives or daughters.
Even when foreign donors offered to increase the government’s monthly salary for doctors from $40 to $1,000 for those willing to work in arid, isolated southern provinces, Hayat said, “the living conditions were so bad that no one wanted to go.”
 
 
According to Bartlett, health care has improved significantly in some provinces, with new clinics built and staffed in large towns. The problem, she said, is at two extremes: remote regions where medical help is dangerously scarce, and urban areas where hospitals can barely keep up with the population boom.
In Kabul, the main maternity hospital, Malalai, is hard-pressed to keep pace with the crush of deliveries resulting from a wave of returning refugees that has tripled the city’s population since the U.S.-led invasion in late 2001. The staff delivers 80 to 100 babies every 24 hours, and most new mothers are discharged the same day to keep enough beds open.
Doctors and nurse-midwives said that since the end of Taliban rule and the influx of foreign aid, the hospital has made major improvements. Infection rates have fallen sharply, and new diagnostic equipment has been donated. In the past 15 months, fewer than 10 patients have died.
“Some things are much better. We used to do 10 deliveries with one pair of gloves,” said Safia, a nurse-midwife who has worked there for 35 years.
Still, conditions are far from ideal. Basic supplies often run out. Patients may be asked to privately purchase such items as intravenous drips. When patients arrive with severe bleeding, doctors often take up a collection to buy plasma from other hospitals.
With doctors in short supply, Afghan and foreign aid agencies have focused on increasing the quantity and quality of midwives. Until recently, many were unskilled women who did little more than cut the umbilical cord. If the mother started hemorrhaging or the birth was obstructed — the two leading causes of maternal mortality here — there was little they could do.
In the past three years, a U.S.-funded program has trained hundreds of community midwives, and a national midwives association has been formed. The number of trained midwives has increased from about 500 to 1,500, and many are working in remote regions with high rates of infant and maternal deaths.
“It is a real revolution,” said Pashtun Afzer, the association’s president. “These women are so committed. They want to be competent. They know the danger signs and the causes of bleeding. Some rural people were afraid to go to strange clinics, but these are women from their own areas, so the people trust them.”
BibiAshrafi, a midwife in her fifties, has delivered more than 1,000 babies in Wardak province. She said most village families still prefer home births because they don’t want to expose their wives or daughters to unfamiliar doctors.
“I only carry a bag with a scalpel, soap, gloves and clean cloths,” she said. “I am very careful. I wash my hands eight times before and after the birth, I sterilize my scissors, and I make sure the placenta is not left inside. If the mother is doing well, I feed her a soup of sugar and oil and flour, and then I leave.”
In the past, Ashrafi said, many women died giving birth, and their families would say it was “God’s decision that her time had come.” But three years ago a clinic opened in the area and she received some training. Now, when a mother is bleeding heavily after the birth, she has a place to send them.
“It’s great we have a clinic now, but the problem is with the people,” she said. “They are so concerned about privacy that they don’t call me until a woman has been bleeding for three days. I tell them to space out the births, but they want to have as many children as possible. I tell them that is bad for the mother’s health, but they don’t want to change.”
A few miles away, outside Wardak’s clinic in Sheikhabad, several dozen women huddled on the ground, their swollen bellies hidden under billowing burqas . All were illiterate. Many had histories of multiple miscarriages, problem deliveries or babies born early and weak.
Wardak said she opened her clinic after the winter of 1996, when 40 women died giving birth in the district. Even now, she said, many pregnant women live so far up in the barren brown hills that they can barely get to her door, let alone endure another two-hour ride to the hospital in Kabul if they have labor complications.
“Some villages are eight or nine hours away, and the cars charge extra because the roads are so bad,” she said. “I haven’t lost a patient in nine years, but we have women traveling from one district to another with labor pains, trying to find help. Sometimes, on the way, the babies die inside them.”
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PART TWO: ESSAY
Steps for Completing this Assignment
Step 1: Analyzing the essay prompt
Directions: The first step in doing any essay is determining exactly what the essay prompt is asking you to do. Jot down your ideas.
The Essay Prompt: Read the two letters of correspondence between an executive of the Coca-Cola company and a representative of Grove Press. Then write an essay analyzing the rhetorical strategies each writer uses to achieve his purpose and explaining which letter offers the more persuasive case. You may emphasize whichever devices (e.g., tone, selection of detail, syntax, point of view) you find most significant.
Step 2: Reading the passage
Directions: You should read the letters several times, for an overall understanding and then for the particular aspects that the prompt asks you to comment on. It is important to click on each number so that you will be directed to look for various components. Take notes as needed.
Step 3: Preparing to write
Directions: Now that you have read and analyzed the letters, you are ready to organize your thoughts. Draft a thesis statement and outline your assignment.
Step 4: Writing the essay
Directions: Before you begin to write you will want to look especially at the link marked “Want analysis or more info?” Here you will see the used by AP graders to score this essay.
Now you should be ready to write your essay for this assignment. Your notes will appear in this window when you begin to type your essay. To copy text from your notes to your essay, use the Edit menu. To review the essay prompt or letters, click on the appropriate step icon (above).
Note: At this point, you need to write your essay and copy it into a document file.
Step 5: Grading your Essay
Directions: Based on the rubric you looked at in Step 4 and on your viewing of the Sample Student Essays, score your own essay.
At the end of your document add a short paragraph in which you provide the score you chose to give your essay. Provide an explanation of why you gave yourself that score; be sure to use the rubric (Step 4) as you list a minimum of three characteristics that your essay either contained or lacked.(Suggested time—40 minutes)
The following letters constitute the complete correspondence between an executive of the Coca-Cola company and a representative of Grove Press. Read the letters carefully. Then write an essay analyzing the rhetori- cal strategies each writer uses to achieve his purpose and explaining which letter offers the more persuasive case.
Mr. R. W. SeaverExecutive Vice President Grove Press, Inc.214 Mercer StreetNew York, New York 10012
Dear Mr. Seaver:Several people have called to our attention your advertisement for
Diary of a Harlem Schoolteacher by Jim Haskins, which appeared in the
New York Times March 3, 1970. The theme of the ad is “This book is like a Line weapon . . . it’s the real thing.”
(5) Since our company has made use of “It’s the Real Thing” to advertise Coca-Cola long prior to the publication of the book, we are writing to ask you to stop using this theme or slogan in connection with the book.
We believe you will agree that it is undesirable for our companies to make simultaneous use of “the real thing” in connection with our respec-
(10) tive products. There will always be likelihood of confusion as to the source or sponsorship of the goods, and the use by such prominent com- panies would dilute the distinctiveness of the trade slogan and diminish its effectiveness and value as an advertising and merchandising tool.
“It’s the Real Thing” was first used in advertising for Coca-Cola over (15) twenty-seven years ago to refer to our product. We first used it in print
advertising in 1942 and extended it to outdoor advertising, including painted walls—some of which are still displayed throughout the country. The line has appeared in advertising for Coca-Cola during succeeding years. For example, in 1954 we used “There’s this about Coke—You
(20) Can’t Beat the Real Thing” in national advertising. We resumed national use of “It’s the Real Thing” in the summer of 1969 and it is our main thrust for 1970.
Please excuse my writing so fully, but I wanted to explain why we feel it necessary to ask you and your associates to use another line to advertise
(25) Mr. Haskins’ book.We appreciate your cooperation and your assurance that you will dis-
continue the use of “It’s the real thing.”
www.collegeboard.org/ap
33
Language and Composition
Sincerely,Ira C. Herbert
March 25, 1970
Line (5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
(30)
Dear Mr. Herbert:Thank you for your letter of March 25th, which has just reached me,
doubtless because of the mail strike.We note with sympathy your feeling that you have a proprietary interest
in the phrase “It’s the real thing,” and I can fully understand that the public might be confused by our use of the expression, and mistake a book by a Harlem schoolteacher for a six-pack of Coca-Cola. Accordingly, we have instructed all our salesmen to notify bookstores that whenever a customer comes in and asks for a copy of Diary of a Harlem Schoolteacher they should request the sales personnel to make sure that what the customer wants is the book, rather than a Coke. This, we think, should protect your interest and in no way harm ours.
We would certainly not want to dilute the distinctiveness of your trade slogan nor diminish its effectiveness as an advertising and merchandising tool, but it did occur to us that since the slogan is so closely identified with your product, those who read our ad may well tend to go out and buy a Coke rather than our book. We have discussed this problem in an execu- tive committee meeting, and by a vote of seven to six decided that, even if this were the case, we would be happy to give Coke the residual benefit of our advertising.
Problems not unsimilar to the ones you raise in your letter have occurred to us in the past. You may recall that we published Games People Play which became one of the biggest nonfiction best-sellers of all time, and spawned conscious imitations (Games Children Play, Games Psychiatrists Play, Games Ministers Play, etc.). I am sure you will agree that this posed a far moredirectanddeadlythreattoboththeauthorandourselvesthanouruse of “It’s the real thing.” Further, Games People Play has become part of our language, and one sees it constantly in advertising, as a newspaper headline, etc. The same is true of another book which we published six or seven years ago, One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding.
Given our strong sentiments concerning the First Amendment, we will defend to the death your right to use “It’s the real thing” in any advertising you care to. We would hope you would do the same for us, especially when no one here or in our advertising agency, I am sorry to say, realized that you owned the phrase. We were merely quoting in our ads Peter S. Prescott’s
Mr. Ira C. Herbert Coca-Cola USAP.O. Drawer 1734 Atlanta, Georgia 30301
34 www.collegeboard.org/ap
March 31, 1970
(35) review of Diary of a Harlem Schoolteacher in Look which begins “Diary of a Harlem Schoolteacher is the real thing, a short, spare, honest book which will, I suspect, be read a generation hence as a classic. . . .”A thesis statement and brief paragraph based on prompt provided plus a short essay
MLA…………………Answer Preview………………..NameProfessorCourseDate
            Despite, the traditional treasure of children by the Afghanistan society, there is a high infant death rate within the region. Children are considered as of being fruit from heaven and the more each couples deliver, the more blessings they are attributed of achieving. Globally, Afghanistan is the country with the highest birth rates. If an infant dies during birth, the community believes that another one will come soon. When…………………MLA332 Words
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