Medicare enrollees
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents’ answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer one or more testable research questions. Nearly all testable research questions begin with one of the following two phrases:
Is there a significant difference between …?
Is there a significant relationship between …?
For example:
Is there a significant relationship between the age of managers? and their attitudes towards the reorganization?
A research hypothesis is a testable statement of opinion. It is created from the research question by replacing the words “Is there” with the words “There is,” and also replacing the question mark with a period. The hypotheses for the two sample research questions would be:
There is a significant relationship between the age of managers and their attitudes towards the reorganization.
It is not possible to test a hypothesis directly. Instead, you must turn the hypothesis into a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is created from the hypothesis by adding the words “no” or “not” to the statement. For example, the null hypotheses for the two examples would be:
There is no significant relationship between the age of managers
and their attitudes towards the reorganization.
There is no significant difference between white and minority residents
with respect to what they feel are the most important problems facing the community.
All statistical testing is done on the null hypothesis…never the hypothesis. The result of a statistical test will enable you to either:
1) reject the null hypothesis, or
2) fail to reject the null hypothesis. Never use the words “accept the null hypothesis.”
*Source: StatPac for Windows Tutorial. (2017). User’s Guide; Formulating Hypotheses from Research Questions. Retrieved May 17, 2019 from https://statpac.com/manual/index.htm?turl=formulatinghypothesesfromresearchquestions.htm
What does significance really mean?
“Significance is a statistical term that tells how sure you are that a difference or relationship exists. To say that a significant difference or relationship exists only tells half the story. We might be very sure that a relationship exists, but is it a strong, moderate, or weak relationship? After finding a significant relationship, it is important to evaluate its strength. Significant relationships can be strong or weak. Significant differences can be large or small. It just depends on your sample size.
To determine whether the observed difference is statistically significant, we look at two outputs of our statistical test:
P-value: The primary output of statistical tests is the p-value (probability value). It indicates the probability of observing the difference if no difference exists.
Example of Welch Two Sample T-test from Exercise 1
The p-value from above example, 0.9926, indicates that we DO NOT expect to see a meaningless (random) difference of 5% or more in ‘hospital beds’ only about 993 times in 1000 there is no difference (0.9926*1000=992.6 ~ 993).
Note: This is an example from the week1 exercise.
An example from Exercise 1
The p-value from above example, 0.0001, indicates that we’d expect to see a meaningless (random) ‘number of the employees on payer’ difference of 5% or more only about 0.1 times in 1000 (0.0001 * 1000=0.1).
CI around Difference: A confidence interval around a difference that does not cross zero also indicates statistical significance. The graph below shows the 95% confidence interval around the difference between hospital beds in 2011 and 2012 (CI: [-40.82 ; 40.44]):
Confidence Interval Example
CI around Difference: A confidence interval around a difference that does not cross zero also indicates statistical significance. The graph below shows the 95% confidence interval around the difference between hospital beds in 2011 and 2012 (CI: [-382.16 ; 125.53]):
Confidence Interval Example
The boundaries of this confidence interval around the difference also provide a way to see what the upper [40.44] and lower bounds [-40.82].
As a summary:
“Statistically significant means a result is unlikely due to chance.
The p-value is the probability of obtaining the difference we saw from a sample (or a larger one) if there really isn’t a difference for all users.
Statistical significance doesn’t mean practical significance. Only by considering context can we determine whether a difference is practically significant; that is, whether it requires action.
The confidence interval around the difference also indicates statistical significance if the interval does not cross zero. It also provides likely boundaries for any improvement to aide in determining if a difference really is noteworthy.
With large sample sizes, you’re virtually certain to see statistically significant results, in such situations, it’s important to interpret the size of the difference”(“Measuring U”, 2019).
*Resource
Measuring U. (2019). Statistically significant. Retrieved May 17, 2019 from: https://measuringu.com/statistically-significant/
Small sample sizes often do not yield statistical significance; when they do, the differences themselves tend also to be practically significant; that is, meaningful enough to warrant action.
4.Research Method
Discuss the Research Methodology (in general). Describe the variable or variables that are being analyzed. Identify the statistical test you will select to analyze these data and explain why you chose this test. Summarize your statistical alternative hypothesis. This section includes the following sub-sections:
a)Describe the Dataset
Example: The primary source of data will be HOSPITAL COMPARE MEDICARE DATA (APA formatted in-text citation). This dataset provides information on hospital characteristics, such as: Number of staffed beds, ownership, system membership, staffing by nurses and non-clinical staff, teaching status, percentage of discharge for Medicare and Medicaid patients, and information regarding the availability of specialty and high-tech services, as well as Electronic Medical Record (EMR) use (Describe dataset in 2-3 lines, Google the dataset and find the related website to find more information about the data).
Also, describe the sample size; for example, “The writer is using Medicare data-2013, this data includes 3000 obs. for all of the hospitals in the US.”
b)Describe Variables
Next, review the database you selected and select a variable or variables that are a “best-fit.” That is, choose a variable that quantitatively measures the concept or concepts articulated in your research question or hypothesis.
Return to your previously stated Research Question or Hypothesis and evaluate it considering the variables you have selected. (See the sample Table 1).
Table 1. List of variables used for the analysis
Variable
Definition
Description
of code
Source
Year
Total Hospital Beds
Total facility beds set up and staffed
at the end of the reporting period
Numeric
MN Data
2013
….
…..
Source: UMUC, 2019
***Just in time information:
To cite a dataset, you can go with two approaches:
First, look at the note in the dataset for example;
Medicare National Data by County. (2012). Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, A
Second, use the online citation, for example:
Zare, H., (2019, May). MN Hospital Report Data. Data posted in University of Maryland University College HMGT 400 online classroom, archived at: http://campus.umuc.edu
See two examples describing the variables from Minnesota Data:
Table 2. Definition of variables used in the analysis
Variable
Definition
Description
of code
Source
Year
hospital_beds
Total facility beds set up and staffed
at the end of the reporting period
Numeric
MN data
2013
year
FY
Categorical
MN data
2013
Source: UMUC, 2019
c)Describe the Research Method for Analysis
First, describe the research method as a general (e.g., this is a quantitative method and then explain about this method in about one paragraph. If you have this part in the introduction, you do not need to add here).
Then, explain the statistical method you plan to use for your analysis (Refer to content in week 3 on Biostatistics for information on various statistical methods you can choose from).
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