Nursing Care of Older Adults
Write an opinion on the health needs of an elderly Cambodian refugee who came to the United States 28 years ago. a. Include cultural and political trends and related challenges that differ from other immigrants. b. What health implications emerge from the pressure of being a refugee?
Chapter 8: Transcultural Perspectives in the Nursing Care of Older Adults
Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
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Transcultural Perspectives in the Nursing Care of Older Adults #1
Longer life spans and the aging Baby Boomer generation will lead to a large population of older adults aged 65 years old and older who will seek health services.
Delivering culturally appropriate care to clients is set by how available and affordable national, state, and local health care resources are for older adults.
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There are three areas of influences for older adults that guide their help-seeking behaviors:
Societal and economic factors; affordability and accessibility
Cultural values, practices, patterns of caregiving, and available community resources
Family, individual lifestyles, health, and coping behaviors
Transcultural Perspectives in the Nursing Care of Older Adults #2
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The Older Adult in Contemporary Society: Factors Affecting Health Care
Societal level
Demographics: ethnicity and income level, low literacy
Socioeconomic status: fixed income, increased health-related expenses, delayed retirement
Theories of Aging: explain patterns of behavior
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Question #1
Is the following statement true or false?
The health status of non-Hispanic Whites is typically better than other minority ethnicities.
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Answer to Question #1
True
Rationale: At all ages, the health status of Hispanics, Asian Americans, African Americans, Native Americans/Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians/Other Pacific Islanders has long lagged behind that of non-Hispanic Whites.
Also, approximately 40% of Hispanics and African Americans have no private savings for their retirement and will look to government-funded assistance.
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The Older Adult in the Community: Cultural Influences #1
Cultural level
Differences in culture and ethnicity shape health and illness behaviors and actions.
Specifically:
Physical functioning: Mobility/exercise
Social and emotional well-being: Acculturation, family/peer support
Quality of life: Satisfaction and happiness
Beliefs and practices: Remedies, traditional healers, self-care
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The Older Adult in the Community: Cultural Influences #2
Cultural level (cont.)
Culture change: relocating, migrating
Caregiving: willingness of family to offer support, responsibility to care for elders
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Question #2
Is the following statement true or false?
It is generally not recommended for older adults to utilize self-help strategies to maintain their health.
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Answer to Question #2
False
Rationale: Older adults who use self-help strategies to maintain their health generally report better psychological well-being and physical functioning than older adults who do not use these approaches.
Nurses who are aware of cultural variations can appreciate that older individuals will have different value orientations underlying their decisions to adopt health behaviors.
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The Older Adult in the Community: Cultural Influences #3
Cultural level (cont.)
Dimensions of Social Support:
Affective support: respect/love
Affirmational support: endorsement for one’s behavior/perceptions
Tangible support: aid or physical assistance
Complicated by separation from family members, loss of spouse/partner, declining physical abilities
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The Older Adult: Caring for Individual Clients #1
Older adults continue to meet developmental tasks:
Satisfaction of basic needs, such as safety, security, and dignity
Fulfillment of integrity and self-actualization
Maintaining self-esteem and choices about where he/she will live
Engaging in meaningful activity
May embrace increased religion/spirituality
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The Older Adult: Caring for Individual Clients #2
Continuum of care
Older adults generally require three types of care:
Intensive personal health services
Health maintenance and restorative care
Coordinated services
Nurses assess that values of independence and self-reliance may be very strong for some older clients; they may refuse any assistance; the nurse should evaluate clients’ behaviors relative to underlying values.
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The Older Adult: Caring for Individual Clients #3
Community-based services for older adults
In home care
Skilled nursing facility, assisted living
Community resources: home-delivered meals
Local or church-affiliated volunteer visitors
Day programs in communities and adult day care
Volunteering within the community and the educational system
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Question #3
Which criterion is among those used to determine the appropriate level of residential placement for an older adult who is reluctant to live alone?
Age
Gender
Financial resources
Risk for injury
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Answer to Question #3
D. Risk for injury
Rationale: Criteria that the nurse often considers to recommend the level of care or residential placement that would be most appropriate for an older client include mental orientation, physical mobility restrictions, degree of assistance needed to complete activities of daily living, frequency of incontinence, and level of risk for accident or injury if living independently.
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